According
to a survey by Notteboom3, about 65%
of delay in ocean shipping is due to port congestion. Clearly, terminal
operation efficiency is crucial to improving ocean shipping reliability. Due to
bunker and emission cost reduction considerations, carriers tend to use huge
vessels (capacity up to 18,000 TEU) and also adopt slow streaming. On the other
hand, the strong demand for on time and/or fast delivery from shippers forces
the carrier to cut the turn-around time in the terminal to allow time for slow
steaming. All these have put huge pressure on terminal operators to improve
their efficiency and have also made terminal competition fiercer than ever before.
Hence, in Part I, we have five chapters that examine the innovations, trends, competition
and business models of container terminal operations.
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